Ignorence

How STDs Are Transmitted and Prevented: Key Information Everyone Should Know

 

STDs are one of the most important health concerns in the world, affecting millions each year. The transmission modes and prevention methods of STDs are important for the maintenance of sexual health and well-being. This post explores the modes of transmission for STDs, the risks involved, and the most effective prevention strategies to protect yourself and others.

How Are STDs Transmitted?

Most STDs are infections that are primarily spread through sexual contact. However, some can also be spread through non-sexual means. Following are the main ways in which the STDs are spread:

1. Sexual Contact

Most sexually transmitted infections are primarily contracted through unprotected sex. In such an act, contact with an infected person's semen, vaginal fluid, or blood that has sexually transmitted infection pathogens may come in contact with the mucous membrane lining of the vagina, urethra, anus, or even throat, thus easily entering the body.

Some of the most common STDs, such as HIV, gonorrhea, and chlamydia, are spread by vaginal and anal intercourse. Others, like oral herpes (HSV-1) or syphilis, can be spread through oral sex. A person may have an STD and not know it because they do not have visible sores or symptoms.

2. Sharing Needles or Syringes

It is also transmitted in the case of certain STDs like HIV, hepatitis B, and C, through sharing of needles or syringes. Sharing of needles and other drug paraphernalia while injecting drugs becomes a common occurrence in which the blood may be infected. 

3. Mother-to-Child Transmission

Other STDs can be passed from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Examples include HIV, syphilis, and herpes. If a pregnant woman who is infected does not receive proper prenatal care and treatment, the chances of giving the infection to her baby increase.

4. Close Skin-to-Skin Contact

These include herpes, human papillomavirus, and syphilis; all these infections can be transmitted via skin-to-skin contact. What this means is that even without penetration and the exchange of bodily fluids, an infected individual is able to distribute the disease by mere contact with infected skin areas.

5. Blood Transfusions and Organ Transplants

Although much less common today due to rigorous screening procedures, STDs such as HIV and hepatitis can be spread through contaminated blood products or organ transplants. This is why blood donations and organs for transplant are screened for these infections before being used.

The Prevention of STDs

While most STDs are curable or manageable, they can become quite serious with complications if not treated. Untreated chlamydia and gonorrhea can result in infertility in both men and women. Untreated syphilis can cause organ damage and death. Human papillomavirus (HPV) can result in several types of cancer including cervical and throat cancer. Finally, HIV-the virus that causes AIDS-can nearly destroy the body's immune system, making one more prone to infections and diseases.

Fortunately, most of the STDs are preventable, and a person can actually minimize his/her chances of developing or spreading a sexually transmitted infection by being prepared with appropriate information and precautions.

How to Prevent STDs

Prevention of STDs best occurs when employing various methods designed to protect the individual and sexual partner from the pathogens that cause many sexually transmitted infections.

1. Use Condoms Consistently and Correctly

One of the most effective ways to reduce the risk of contracting an STD is by using condoms (male or female) during vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Condoms act as a barrier, preventing direct contact with genital fluids or sores, thus minimizing the risk of transmission. While they do not provide 100% protection, they significantly lower the likelihood of spreading most STDs, including HIV.

Always practice correct use of condoms every time you have sexual contact. This means using a new one every time you have sexual intercourse and putting on the condom before any type of sexual contact occurs.

2. Vaccination

Many times, vaccination has emerged as one of the strong tools in prevention against certain STDs. The HPV vaccine protects against a few strains of the virus responsible for causing cervical cancer and genital warts. The hepatitis B vaccine provides immunity against the virus, which is transmitted through blood and sexual contact.

If you're eligible, getting vaccinated can provide long-term protection from certain infections. See your healthcare provider about getting the HPV or hepatitis B vaccine if you're under age 26 years (for HPV) or if you're at high risk of hepatitis B.

3. Get Tested Regularly

Regular STD testing is important for anyone who is sexually active, even if you don't have any symptoms. Many STDs, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, can have no symptoms, or mild symptoms. In fact, most people who have HIV don't know it because it can take many years for symptoms to develop after initial infection.

Getting tested regularly allows for early detection and treatment that can prevent complications and the spread of infections. Depending on your sexual activity, your healthcare provider may recommend testing for a variety of STDs at routine intervals.

4. Limit the Number of Sexual Partners

Having multiple sexual partners increases the chances of exposing yourself to an STD. Reducing your number of sexual partners decreases the likelihood of exposure to an infected partner, and reduces the risk of transmitting an infection to others.

When in a long-term relationship, mutual monogamy (both partners exclusively having sex with each other) is an effective strategy for minimizing STD risk. However, it does require that both partners get tested before having sex.

5. Talk to Your Partner(s)

Open communication about sexual health is an important way to prevent the spread of STDs. Before having sexual relations, talk to your partner about their sexual history and any risks they may pose. If one or both of you has been diagnosed with an STD, discuss what precautions or treatments are necessary to decrease the risk of transmission.

If you are in a monogamous relationship, it's still a good idea to get tested regularly just in case.

Conclusion

 STDs are an important public health problem, and yet, there are ways a person can effectively protect themselves and their partners against them. The knowledge of modes of transmission of STDs itself gives a lead way to various preventive measures one could adapt: the use of condoms, vaccinations, and regular testing. These greatly reduce one's chances of infection. This will be achieved by practicing safe sexual behavior and communicating openly with our sexual partners, thus helping to create a healthier and more informed society in matters of sexual health.

CONSTITUTION

❖ Meaning of Constitutional Law 

Professor D C Yardley in his book defines constitutional law rather simply as “that law which is concerned with the Constitution of the country.”

Another author defines constitutional law in a bid to describe the constitutional law practice of the 

United Kingdom in these words: ‘Constitutional law can be defined as a body of rules, convention and practices which describes, regulate or qualify the organization and operations of government in the United kingdom

❖ Constitutional Law Differentiated From Administrative Law

constitutional law is mainly concerned with the structure of the primary organs of government, whereas administrative law is concerned with the work of official agencies in providing services and in regulating the activities of citizens.”

❖ Definition of Constitution

A constitution can be described as a simple document having a special legal sanctity which sets out the framework and the principal functions of the organs of government within the state.

❖ TYPES OF CONSTITUTIONS AND THEIR COMPARISON

All these categories are combinable in a particular system of government. So

(a) Written and Unwritten Constitution

▪ Written Constitution can be described as one in which is found in one or more than one legal document duly enacted in the form of laws.

▪ The constitution of Nigeria, India, and United States to mention just three, for example, are all written constitutions.

▪ Modern written constitutions owe their origin to the charters of liberty granted by the Kings in middle Ages.  

▪ But the first written constitution framed by a representative constituent assembly was that of the United States of America.

▪ Unwritten Constitution

▪ It consists of customs, conventions, traditions, and some written laws bearing different dates. It is unsystematic, indefinite and un-precise.

▪ The constitution of England is a classical example of an unwritten constitution.

(b) Rigid and Flexible Constitution

is rigid definitely refers to the difficulty of its amendment process as may be stipulated by the constitution.

▪ Both the Tanzania and the American constitutions are good examples of rigid constitutions. 

▪ The Swiss constitution is still more rigid. An amendment whether proposed by the Federal Assembly or through initiative needs to be approved by the Cantons and the electorate

▪ Flexible Constitution

is one which can easily be amended by perhaps an ordinary legislative process by the ordinary resolution.

Both constitutional laws and an ordinary law are treated alike since all constitutional amendments can be made by a simple majority of the legislature.

The constitution of England is a typical example of a flexible constitution.

(c) Civil and Military Constitution

is one which exists in a democratic setting whereby the tenets of fundamental rights, ideals of democracy are enshrined.

▪ A civil constitution is characterized by the element of freedom, will, representation and participation.

▪ Military Constitution

is a document superimposed on a country for the purpose of ruling or controlling the governmental affairs without peoples input. 

▪ (d) Unitary and Federal Constitutions

is one which defines a centralized system of government without constitutional friction between the national and regional government. It promotes the spirit of oneness among the people.

▪ It usually a flexible constitution, small and simple to operate

▪ Federal Constitution

is a document that provide for system of government between a government at the centre and other component states with division of powers.

(e) Monarchical and Republican Constitutions

▪ Monarchical Constitution

is a constitution where the King or Queen in the head of government. The government may be presidential or republican government. 

▪ Republican Constitution

is a document in which the officials of government are elected as representatives of the people

▪ The United States of America is also a vivid example of a state where republican constitution is used to run the affairs of government.

(f) Presidential and Parliamentary Constitutions

is a government where all executive powers are vested in a president who is the head of state and head of government.

The United States of America, Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya and South Africa are examples of countries operating a presidential system of government. 

▪ Parliamentary System of Government

is a government where all the executive powers of government are vested in a Prime Minister who is the head of government and head of the majority party

▪ The United Kingdom is the origin and home of this system of government. Other countries operating a parliamentary system of government include: Canada, Jamaica, Israel, India, Australia, Lesotho, Ethiopia and so on.

 

❖ THE DOCTRINE OF SEPARATION OF POWER 

1. Introduction 

2. Origin of the Doctrine of separation of power

Aristotle in his book (“The Politics”) proclaimed that: There are three elements in each constitution in respect

Aristotle believed that any single form of government was unstable leading to a permanent cycle of disasters.

3. Definition of separation of powers

separation of powers’ is ‘one of the most confusing in the vocabulary of political and constitutional

a) Traditional (Classical) approach

The traditional views are presented by Montesquieu who vigorously advocated for a “strict or pure or total or complete or absolute”

❖ Montesquieu’s strict doctrine (tripartite system).

▪ In every government there are three sorts of power i.e. legislature, executive and judiciary. The executive, makes peace or war, send or receives embassies, establishes the public security and provides against invasions. 

The Doctrine of Separation of powers includes the following distinct but overlapping aspects; 

▪ Institutional separation of powers: (a tripartite separation of powers) – the need to have three major institutions or organs in a state i.e. Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. 

▪ Functional separation of powers: state power/functions must be vested and exercised by three separate institutions or organs i.e. law making, enforcement and interpretation. 

▪ Separation of personnel: (each organ with own personnel) – no person should be a member of more than one organ. 

▪ Limitation of appointing powers: state organs should not appoint or elect members for each other. 

❖ Application of the Doctrine of Separation of Powers in the United Republic of 

Tanzania 

▪ The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania (1977) represents a contemporary approach in constitutional doctrine of separation of powers.

▪ IMPORTANCE OF THE DOCTRINE OF SEPARATION OF POWERS

▪ It emphasizes the need for a State to have strong independent institutions in order to check arbitrary rule by the Executive. 

▪ The doctrine provides a yardstick against which constitutional proposals can be assessed in order to determine whether or not there will be adequate checks and balances within the governmental system to ensure that individual rights are protected. 

▪ The functions of the government are vast and varied. It is therefore necessary to entrust these functions to specific organs, so that the responsibility for performing these functions may be effectively fixed. 

▪ Constitutions which completely ignore the doctrine are usually bad ones, one of the branches of government will be found to overshadow the others or liable to do so. 

▪ Separation of powers according to Montesquieu is the best guarantee of the liberty of the people. 

▪ Separation of power promotes efficiency in the administration. 

▪ Separations of powers prevent absolutism (as in monarchies or dictatorships where all branches are concentrated in a single authority) or corruption arising from the opportunities that unchecked power offers. 

▪ It is considered as one of the pillars of democratic government. 

❖ INGREDIENTS OF THE CONSTITUTION OR WHAT DOES CONSTITUTION CONTAIN

1. Preamble

▪ Is an introductory and expression statement in a document that explains the document's purpose and underlying philosophy, when applied to the opening paragraphs of a statute, it may recite historical facts pertinent to the subject of the statute. 

 

2. Bill of rights 

▪ It limits the powers which are possessed by the government, the constitution gives enough power to govern but should not abuse its power, the bill of right are fundamental freedom of right. Article 12 - 24 of Tanzania Constitution. 

3. A chart of the state system 

▪ Here we are referring to organization chart of the state and the public authority is distributed e.g;- President, vice president, prime minister and the cabinet. Article 33 - 61 of Tanzania constitution. 

4. An amendment provision  

▪ Is a formal or official change made to a law, contract, constitution, or other legal document. It is based on the verb to amend, which means to change. Amendments can add, remove, or update parts of these agreements. They are often used when it is better to change the document than to write a new one. Constitution should provide how should be amended, if the constitution cannot be amended it will lead to revolution.  

❖ RULE OF LAW 

▪ Meaning 

is the legal principle that law should govern a nation.

▪ Supremacy of the law- The First meaning of the Rule of Law is that 'no man is punishable or can lawfully be made to suffer in body or goods except for a distinct breach of law

Article.107B. Independence of the Judiciary, in exercising the powers of dispensing justice, all courts shall have freedom and shall be required only to observe the provisions of the Constitution and those of the laws of the land. 

▪ Equality before the law-

The Second meaning of the Rule of Law is that no man is above law.

Article.13.-Equality before the law (1) all persons are equal before the law and are entitled, without any discrimination, to protection and equality before the law. 

❖ HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF RULE OF LAW 

▪ One dominant theme in the story of Western civilization in the last 500 years has been the struggle for liberty and rights against absolutism in its several forms, including the absolutism of the state and its use of law. Magna Carta and its later confirmation expressed the principle that justice according to law was due both to the ruler and to other classes

▪ Dicey’s exposition of the Rule of Law Dicey gave to the rule of law three meanings: 

▪ (1) The absolute supremacy on predominance of regular law as opposed to the influence of arbitrary power and excludes the existence of arbitraries, of prerogative, or even of wide discretionary authority on the part of the Government….; a man may with us be punished for a breach of law, but he can be punished for nothing else.  

▪ 2. Equality before the law, or the equal subjection of all classes to the ordinary law of the land administered by the ordinary law courts. This implies that no one was above the law; 

that officials like private citizens were under a duty to obey the same law; and that there were no administrative courts to decide claims by citizens against the state or its officials.  

▪ 3. That with us the law of the constitution, the rules which in foreign countries naturally form part of the constitutional code, are not the source but the sequence of the Rights of individuals, as defined and enforced by the courts.

❖ DEMOCRACY

▪ Is a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible (allowed) members of a state, typically through elected representatives, Article 3.

▪ Forms or Types Of Democracy

1. Representative democracy (also indirect democracy) - is a form of government founded on the principle of elected individuals representing the people, as opposed to autocracy and direct democracy.

2. Participatory democracy-This means institution or Individual participation by citizens in political decisions and policies that affect their lives, especially directly rather than through elected representatives. This form of democracy is important

3. Direct democracy, classically termed pure democracy, This is the form of democracy done through demonstration or referendum where by these people they lack representative as well as participative democracy

Principles of democracy

1. The accountability

2. Responsiveness- 53

 3. The transparency

❖ ELECTORAL SYSTEM

There shall be an Electoral Commission of the United Republic which shall consist of the following members to be appointed by the President: (a) a Chairman who shall be a Judge of the High Court or a Justice of the Court of Appeal, who shall be a person with qualifications to be an advocate and has held those qualifications for a period of not less than fifteen years; (b) a Vice-Chairman who shall be a person who holds, had held or is capable of holding an office of Judge of the High Court or a Justice of the Court of Appeal; (c) other members to be specified by a law enacted by Parliament.

Electoral systems can be divided into three general types: 

1. Plurality electoral systems

2. Majority electoral systems

3. Proportional representation

▪ Modern constitutionalism 

It is the document which indicates how the state power should be exercised and also nominative that state out of value that should upheld the governing process. 

AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONALISM

▪ American constitutionalism has been defined as a complex of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from the people, and is limited by a body of fundamental law. 

▪ Characteristics of American constitutionalism

1. The separation of power

2. Federal division of power

3. Constitutional supremacy

4. Bill of right

5. Judiciary review.

                         

1Principles of democracyRepresentative democracy (also indirect democracy) - is a form of government founded on the principle of elected individuals representing the people, as opposed to autocracy. An amendment provision  

▪ Is a formal or official change made to a law, contract, constitution, or other legal document. It is based on the verb to amend, which means to change. Amendments can add, remove, or update parts of these agreements. They are often used when it is better to change the document than to write a new one. Constitution should provide how should be ae constitutiod it will lead to revolution.  

 PreambleIt emphasizes the need for a State to have Executive. 

▪ The doctrine provides a yardstick against which constitutional proposals can be assessed in order to determine whether or not there will be adequate checks and balances within the governmental system to ensure that individual rights are protected. 

▪ The functions of the government are vast and varied. It is therefore necessary to entrust these functions to specific organs, so that the responsibility for performing these functions may be effectively fixed. 

▪ Constitutions which completely ignore the doctrine are usually bad ones, one of the branches of government will be found to overshadow the others or liable to do so. 

▪ Separation of powers according to Montesquieu is the best guarantee of the liberty of the people. 

▪ Separation of power promotes efficiency in the administration. 

▪ Separations of powers prevent absolutism (as in monarchies or dictatorships where all branches are concentrated in a single authority) or corruption arising from the opportunities that unchecked power offers. 

▪ It is considered as one of the pillars of democratic government. 

 Doctrine of Separation of powers includes the following distinct but overlapping aspects;

▪ Institutional separation of powers: (a tripartite separation of powers) – the need to have three major institutions or organs in a state i.e. Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. 

▪ Functional separation of powers: state power/functions must be vested and exercised by three separate institutions or organs i.e. law making, enforcement and interpretation. 

▪ Separation of personnel: (each organ with own personnel) – no person should be a member of more than one organ. 

▪ Limitation of appointing powers: state orga

INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE

 

1.A state is a polity under a system of governance. There is no undisputed definition of a state.

 A widely used definition from the German sociologist Max Weber is that a "state" is a polity that maintains a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence, although other definitions are not uncommon.

Some states are sovereign (known as sovereign states), while others are subject to external sovereignty or hegemony, wherein supreme authority lies in another state.[5] The term "state" also applies to federated states that are members of a federation, in which sovereignty is shared between member states and a federal body.

2.there are two elements of state:-

(1)Physical and political bases of state

-Physical bases of state such as:

(A)Population,

(B)Territory

-Political bases of state such as

1.Government

2.Sovereignty.

3.is an idea, belief or vague knowledge of something. An example of a notion is when you have an idea of what acceptable behavior is.

Sovereignty is the full right and power of a governing body over itself, without any interference from outside sources or bodies.

There are five different kinds of sovereignty as follows:

(1) Nominal arid Real Sovereignty

(2) Legal Sovereignty

(3) Political Sovereignty

(4) Popular Sovereignty

(5) Deo Facto and De Jure Sovereignty.

(1) Nominal arid Real Sovereignty:

In ancient times many states had monarchies and their rulers were monarchs. They wielded absolute power and their senates and parliaments were quite powerless. At that time they exercised real sovereignty. Therefore, they are regarded as real sovereigns. For example, Kings were sovereigns and hence they were all powerful in England before fifteenth century, in U.S.S.R. before eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and in France before 1789. The state of affairs changed in England after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.

Now the King is like a rubber- stamp. The British king has a right to encourage, warn and advise his Ministers or seek any information about the administration. Except these ordinary powers, all other powers of the British king are wielded by his Ministers.

Lowell has summed up the position of the British Sovereign in these words: “According to the early history of the constitution, the ministers were the counsellors of the king. It was for them to advise and for him to decide. Now the parts are almost reversed. The king is consulted but the ministers decide”

.

(2) Legal Sovereignty:

Legal sovereignty is that authority of the state which has the legal power to issue final commands. It is the authority of the state to whose directions the law of the State attributes final legal force. In every independent and ordered state there are some laws which must be obeyed by the people and there must be a power to issue and enforce these laws. The power which has the legal authority to issue and enforce these laws’ is legal sovereignty.

In England, the King-in-Parliament is sovereign. According to Dicey, “The British Parliament is so omnipotent legally speaking…. that it can adjudge an infant of full age, it may attain a man of treason after death; it may legitimize an illegitimate child or if it sees fit, make a man a judge in his own case”.

The authority of the legal sovereign is absolute and law is simply the will of the sovereign. Since the authority of the sovereign is unrestrained, reserves the legal right to do whatever he desires. It is the legal sovereign who grants and enforces all the rights enjoyed by the citizens and, therefore, there cannot be any right against him. The legal sovereign is, thus, always definite and determinate.

Only the legal sovereign has the power to declare in legal terms the will of the stale. The authority of the sovereign is absolute and supreme. This authority may reside either in the monarch or in an absolute monarchy or it may reside in the body of persons.

(3) Political Sovereignty:

Dicey believes that “behind the sovereign which the lawyer recognises, there is another sovereign to whom the legal sovereign must bow. Such sovereign to whom the legal sovereign must bow is called political sovereign. In every Ordered state the legal sovereign has to pay due attention to the political sovereign.

According to Professor Gilchrist, “The political sovereign means the sum-total of influences in a State which lie behind the law. In modern representative government we might define it roughly as the power of the people”. In other words by political sovereign in the representative democracies, we mean the whole mass of the people or the electorate or the public opinion. But at the same time, it cannot be emphatically asserted that political sovereignty can definitely be identified with the whole mass of the people, the electorate or the public opinion. Political sovereignty is a vague and indeterminate term.

Political sovereignty rests in that class of people under whose influence the mass of the people is or the people are. Political sovereignty rests in the electorate, in the public opinion and in all other influences in the state which mould and shape the public opinion.

In the words of Professor R.N. Gilchrist, “Political sovereign manifests itself by voting, by the press, by speeches, and in many other ways not easy to describe or define. It is, however, not organised and it can becom6 effective only when organised. But the organisations of political sovereignty lead to legal sovereignty. The two are aspects of the one sovereignty of the state”. As a matter of fact, legal and political sovereignty are the two aspects of the one sovereignty of the state. But at the same time both the aspects stands poles apart.

Legal sovereign is a law-making authority in legal terms, whereas political sovereignty is behind the legal sovereign. The legal sovereign can express his will in legal terms. But the political sovereign cannot do so. Legal sovereign is determinate, definite and visible whereas political sovereign is not determinate and clear.

It is recognised. Legal sovereignty is vested in the electorate, public opinion and other influences of the state which mould or shape the public opinion. Legal sovereign is recognised by lawyers while political sovereign is not.

Legal sovereign cannot go against the will of the political sovereign whereas political sovereign, though not legally powerful, controls over the legal sovereign. The concept of legal sovereign is clear whereas the concept of political sovereign is vague. Legal sovereign is elected by the political sovereign whereas political sovereign is the electorate or the people. These are the points of difference between the legal sovereign and the political sovereign.

(4) Popular Sovereignty:

Popular sovereignty roughly means the power of the masses as contrasted with the Power of the individual ruler of the class. It implies manhood, suffrage, with each individual having only one vote and the control of the legislature by the representatives of the people. In popular sovereignty public is regarded as supreme. In the ancient times many writers on Political Science used popular sovereignty as a weapon to refute absolutism of the monarchs.

According to Dr. Garner, “Sovereignty of the people, therefore, can mean nothing more than the power of the majority of the electorate, in a country where a system of approximate universal suffrage prevails, acting through legally established channels to express their will and make it prevail”.

(5) Deo Facto and De Jure Sovereignty:

Sometimes a distinction is made between the De Facto (actual) sovereignty and De Jure (legal) sovereignty. A de jure sovereign is the legal sovereign whereas a de factor sovereign is a sovereign which is actually obeyed.

In the words of Lord Bryce, de facto sovereign “is the person or a body of persons who can make his or their will prevail whether with the law or against the law; he or they, is the de facto ruler, the person to whom obedience is actually paid”. Thus, it is quite clear, that de jure is the legal sovereignty founded on law whereas dc facto is the actual sovereignty.

The person or the body of persons who actually exercise power is called the de facto sovereign. The de facto sovereign may not be a legal sovereign or he may be a usurping king, a dictator, a priest or a prophet, in either case sovereignty rests upon physical power or spiritual influence rather than legal right.

History abounds in examples of de facto sovereignties. For example, Oliver Cromwell became de facto sovereign after he had dismissed the Long Parliament. Napoleon became the de facto sovereign after he had overthrown the Directory. Likewise, Franco became the de facto sovereign after he had dislodged the legal sovereign in Spain. On October 28, 1922 Mussolini’s Black Shirts marched on Rome. At that time, Parliament was the legal sovereign. Mussolini became the Prime Minister in the legal manner. He ruled parliament and ruled the country through parliament.

Parliament remained the legal sovereign but he was the actual or de facto sovereign. Hitler also did the same in Germany. He too became the de factor sovereign. He controlled the legal sovereign and became the de facto sovereign. Similarly, Stalin remained the actual sovereign in U.S.S.R. for about three decades.

                         The end